Journal of Business Research 136 (2021) 186–197 187beendetermined to be related to hedonic well-being (Berezan et al., 2020), depression (Elhai et al., 2020a, 2020b), and envy (Yin et al., 2019). Similarly, scholars have found limited evidence supporting the association of FoMO with negative physical symptoms like headaches (Baker et al., 2016) as well as activities that may harm individuals’ physical safety, such as distracted walking in urban locales (Appel et al., 2019). Despite the existing body of knowledge, our understanding of FoMO is still constrained by some persisting gaps in the social media literature. First, there is limited information about FoMO’s association with indi- vidual personality traits and tendencies. Scholars have primarily tested this association for the Big Five personality traits (Milyavskaya et al., 2018; Rozgonjuk et al., 2020b; Stead&Bibby, 2017), although the re- sults of these tests have been inconsistent. For instance, while Stead and Bibby (2017) found a negative correlation between FoMO and the per- sonality traits of emotional stability and conscientiousness, Milyavskaya et al. (2018) found FoMO to be unrelated to personality traits. Other personality dimensions, such as the Dark Triad (Stiff, 2019) and exhi- bitionism (M ̈antym ̈aki&Islam, 2016), to name a few, have remained relatively less investigated by contrast. Second, the research has primarily focused on understanding the relationship of FoMO with personal psychological outcomes, such as the compulsive use of social media (Blackwell et al., 2017) and social media fatigue (Malik et al., 2020), as well as behavioural outcomes like problematic sleep (Dhir et al., 2021), in the context of adolescents and university students. In comparison, a limited number of studies have focused on working professionals (e.g., Tandon et al., 2020). Subse- quently, we have lesser knowledge of how FoMO affects the psycho- logical responses of these individuals. Additionally, there is limited understanding regarding how FoMO influences working professionals’ work-related behavioural responses or outcomes, such as employee performance and motivation (Budnick et al., 2020). We argue that this is a critical gap because personal social media and smartphone use have significantly increased during working hours (Farivar&Richardson, 2020), especially since the onset of the coronavirus lockdowns (COVID- 19, Kemp, 2020). Third, there has been limited investigation of FoMO as a direct antecedent or predictor (Błachnio&Przepi ́orka, 2018). For instance, scholars have mainly tested the indirect influence of FoMO for adverse outcomes associated with problematic social media use (e.g., Tandon et al., 2020). Moreover, there is conflicting information about the directionality of these associations (Tandon et al., 2020) and the path- ways through which FoMO translates into adverse outcomes, especially in the workplace, which is an under-investigated context of FoMO- oriented research. It is critical to investigate these associations in the workplace context as the resulting knowledge can facilitate the devel- opment of interventions to help organizations manage FoMO-driven social media use during work hours. We argue that these visible gaps indicate that FoMO remains an under-researched phenomenon in the work-environment context and suggest the need to closely examine the mechanism-of-effect or path- ways through which FoMO influences working individuals. Prior studies have supported our contention, with scholars similarly calling for deeper investigations to expand the current understanding of FoMO along with its antecedents and consequences (Chai et al., 2019). The objective of our study is to address these gaps by raising and answering three research questions (RQs): RQ1.What is the nature of the association between individual ten- dencies (exhibitionism&voyeurism) and FoMO? RQ2.How is FoMO associated with the psychological outcome of compulsive use of social media during work hours for working professionals? RQ3.How is the FoMO-driven psychological outcome of compulsive use of social media associated with the behavioural outcomes of procrastinationandworkperformancedecrementforworking professionals? The proposed associations are conceptualized using the theoretical insights of the stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) framework, wherein the individual tendencies of exhibitionism and voyeurism represent the stressor, FoMO represents the strain, and individual-level manifesta- tions, i.e., psychological (compulsive use of social media) and behav- ioral (work performance decrement and procrastination) represent the outcomes. We addressed the three RQs and tested the proposed associ- ations by analyzing 312 responses collected through a cross-sectional survey of adult social media users (full-time working professionals) from the United States of America (US). The novelty of our study rests on three key contributions. First, we lookathithertounder-studiedindividualtraits/tendencies(exhibi- tionism and voyeurism) as internal stressors that aggravate FoMO and influence individuals’psychological and behavioural outcomes at the workplace. Second, we focus on working adults, which is a lesser- investigated respondent group in social media research. Third, we advance the current knowledge by looking at a dual level of responses, i. e., psychological and behavioural. We expect FoMO to be positively associated with compulsive use of social media (CUS) as a psychological outcome at the first level. At the second level, we study and expect a positive association of CUS with two forms of behavioral outcomes: (a) reduced work efficiency and timely response (procrastination) and (b) work performance decrement. We believe that studying a dual level of consequences or outcomes is likely to more effective in uncovering the complex dynamics by which individuals’FoMO translates into adverse work-related outcomes for them. Since prior studies have posited that the consequences of using a particular technology may be related more to the manner of their usage than the affordances of the technology itself (Chandra et al., 2012), we believe that our study would highlight how individual stressors and strains contribute to the negative outcomes experienced by social media users. To our knowledge, no prior study has concurrently examined the behavioral outcomes of CUS and FoMO, giving us a reason to contend that our findings will significantly advance the existing knowledge on FoMO. The rest of the manuscript is structured as follows. Section Two presents the theoretical background, and Section Three details the hy- pothesized associations. Thereafter, we discuss the methodology fol- lowed for this study in Section Four and the data analysis results in Section Five. We discuss the findings in Section Six. Finally, in Section Seven, we present the concluding remarks, implications for theory and practice, limitations of this study, and future research areas. 2.Theoretical background 2.1.Theory: Stressor-strain-outcome framework The stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) framework (Koeske&Koeske, 1993) is a popular framework in social media research that has been used to study the antecedents of social media fatigue (Dhir et al., 2019; Whelan et al., 2020) and dissatisfaction (Zhang et al., 2016), among others outcomes. SSO has been used to study mental conditions, job- related stress (Koeske et al., 1993), and the specific pre-conditions that can act as stressors for technology use (Ayyagari et al., 2011). The framework encompasses the three key aspects of (a) stressor: the behavioral and emotional (i.e., psychological) stimulants that can have a problematic impact on individuals; (b) strain: the adverse emotions or states experienced due to the stress; and (c) outcomes: the decrement in performance, productivity, and psychological and physiological func- tioning of the individual due to the strain (Dhir et al., 2019). While other theoretical frameworks like stimulus-organism-response (Jacoby, 2002) may have also been suitable, SSO was chosen to ground the study framework because it allows for the study of the link between a person and their situation on their experienced psychological strains, as A. Tandon et al.