A wearable microwave instrument can detect and monitor traumatic abdominal injuries in a porcine model
Candefjord, Stefan; Nguyen, Linh; Buendia, Ruben; Oropeza-Moe, Marianne; Andersen, Nina Gjerde; Fhager, Andreas; Persson, Mikael; Elam, Mikael; Oveland, Nils Petter
Peer reviewed, Journal article
Published version
Permanent lenke
https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2989077Utgivelsesdato
2021-12Metadata
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Originalversjon
Candefjord, S., Nguyen, L., Buendia, R., Oropeza-Moe, M., Andersen, N. G., Fhager, A., Persson, M., Elam, M., Oveland, N.P. (2021) A wearable microwave instrument can detect and monitor traumatic abdominal injuries in a porcine model. Scientific Reports, 11 (1), 23220 (2021) . 10.1038/s41598-021-02008-5Sammendrag
Abdominal injury is a frequent cause of death for trauma patients, and early recognition is essential to limit fatalities. There is a need for a wearable sensor system for prehospital settings that can detect and monitor bleeding in the abdomen (hemoperitoneum). This study evaluates the potential for microwave technology to fill that gap. A simple prototype of a wearable microwave sensor was constructed using eight antennas. A realistic porcine model of hemoperitoneum was developed using anesthetized pigs. Ten animals were measured at healthy state and at two sizes of bleeding. Statistical tests and a machine learning method were used to evaluate blood detection sensitivity. All subjects presented similar changes due to accumulation of blood, which dampened the microwave signal (p<0.05). The machine learning analysis yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.93, showing 100% sensitivity at 90% specificity. Large inter-individual variability of the healthy state signal complicated differentiation of bleedings from healthy state. A wearable microwave instrument has potential for accurate detection and monitoring of hemoperitoneum, with automated analysis making the instrument easy-to-use. Future hardware development is necessary to suppress measurement system variability and enable detection of smaller bleedings.